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<title>Operation Éclipse</title>

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Operation Éclipse

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">Opération Éclipse was a joint <a href="France" title="France">French</a>, <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Malian</a>, <a href="Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkinabé</a> and <a href="Niger" title="Niger">Nigérien</a> military operation during the <a href="Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a>, as part of the larger <a href="Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">French-led counterinsurgency campaign</a>. It took place between January 2 and 20, 2021. According to a UN investigation, <a href="Mali_wedding_airstrike" title="Mali wedding airstrike">a French airstrike</a> on January 3 killed 19 civilians in the village of Bounti in <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-defensepost-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

The operation was set in the eastern part of <a href="Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti Region</a>, close to the <a href="Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkinabé</a> border. It mainly targeted the <a href="Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">jihadist</a> group <a href="Jama'at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a>. 1500 French, 900 Burkinabé, 900 Malian and 150 Nigérien soldiers took part in the operation.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2></div>

On January 2, an airstrike killed several <a href="Jama'at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> fighters between <a href="Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a> and Boulikessi.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

On January 3, the French airforce <a href="Mali_wedding_airstrike" title="Mali wedding airstrike">killed 19 civilians at a wedding</a>. A French <a href="Dassault_Mirage_2000" title="Dassault Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> aircraft and <a href="General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9 Reaper</a> drone had bombed a gathering in the village of Bounti, situated between <a href="Douentza" title="Douentza">Douentza</a> and <a href="Boni%2C_Mali" title="Boni, Mali">Boni</a>. According to the French and Malian authorities, the bombing targeted a group of about forty jihadists. However, the local <a href="Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> organisation Tabital Pulaaku provided another version: 19 men had been killed, all of whom were civilians attending a wedding. The majority of them were elderly.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The injured were taken into charge by <a href="Medicins_Sans_Frontieres" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicins Sans Frontieres">Medicins Sans Frontieres</a>, who confirmed that most of them were elderly civilians.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-franceinfo-6">[6]</a> The <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> mission in Mali, known as the <a href="United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a>, investigated the French airstrike and found in March 2021 that at least 22 people died, all of them men between 23 and 71 years old, including 19 civilians. However, the French authorities maintained their earlier version of events.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-defensepost-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-franceinfo-6">[6]</a>

On January 8, six French soldiers were wounded in a <a href="Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Over the course of the following days, the French-led troops killed about fifteen jihadist fighters, captured four others, and confiscated arms and motorbikes.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

On January 13, the Malian army took four more prisoners in the village of Kobou. However, three of them died during the transport under unclear circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) later noted that two of the prisoners, aged 31 and 50, had been found dead the next morning within 10 kilometers from Kobou, whereas a third one, aged 48, had been "<a href="Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">disappeared</a>". According to HRW, this was part of a larger pattern of <a href="Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> and disappearances carried out by Malian forces.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

French troops killed about twenty more insurgents on January 16 and 17.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On January 26, after the operation concluded, the Malian authorities said that about a hundred jihadist fighters had been killed and about twenty captured.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mali_wedding_airstrike" title="Mali wedding airstrike">Mali wedding airstrike</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedefensepost.com/2021/03/31/un-report-french-strike-mali">"French Strike in Mali Killed 19 Civilians in January: UN"</a>. The Defense Post. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMaillard2021" class="citation web cs1">Maillard, Matteo (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/02/04/au-c-ur-de-l-operation-eclipse-au-mali_6068769_3212.html">"Mali : avec les soldats français de l'opération « Eclipse » qui pourchassent les djihadistes liés à Al-Qaida"</a>. <a href="Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/points-de-situation/point-de-situation-des-operations-du-1er-au-7-janvier-2021">Point de situation des opérations du 1er au 7 janvier 2021</a>, Ministère des Armées, 8 janvier 2021.

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMacé2021" class="citation web cs1">Macé, Célian (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2021/01/08/mali-a-bounti-3-bombes-19-morts-et-2-versions_1810741">"Mali : à Bounti, 3 bombes, 19 morts et 2 versions"</a>. <a href="Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBensimon2021" class="citation web cs1">Bensimon, Cyril (12 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/01/12/mali-les-populations-sont-prises-en-etau-entre-les-differents-acteurs-armes_6066021_3212.html">"Mali : les blessés de Bounti soignés par MSF « étaient tous des hommes, âgés pour la plupart »"</a>. <a href="Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-franceinfo-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-franceinfo_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-franceinfo_6-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/mali/mali-une-frappe-de-l-armee-francaise-a-tue-19-civils-en-janvier-selon-les-conclusions-d-un-rapport-de-l-onu_4353115.html">"Mali : une enquête de l'ONU conclut que l'armée française a tué 19 civils en janvier, Paris réfute toute bavure"</a>. Franceinfo (in French). 30 March 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/rapport_final_bounty_bounty9.pdf">"Rapport sur l'incident de Bounty du 3 janvier 2021"</a> (pdf). minusma.unmissions.org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210109-mali-six-soldats-fran%C3%A7ais-bless%C3%A9s-par-un-v%C3%A9hicule-suicide">"Au Mali, six soldats français blessés par une attaque suicide"</a>. <a href="France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mali-la-france-a-tue-une-quinzaine-de-djihadistes-au-mali-20210115">"Mali: la France a tué une quinzaine de djihadistes au Mali"</a>. <a href="Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210117-mali-l-arm%C3%A9e-ouvre-une-enqu%C3%AAte-apr%C3%A8s-la-mort-de-trois-prisonniers">"Mali : l'armée ouvre une enquête après la mort de trois prisonniers"</a>. <a href="Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">RFI</a>. 17 January 2025. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/20/mali-killings-disappearances-military-operations">"Mali: Killings, 'Disappearances' in Military Operations"</a>. <a href="Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/points-de-situation/point-de-situation-des-operations-du-16-au-21-janvier">Point de situation des opérations du 16 au 21 janvier</a>, Ministère des Armées, 21 janvier 2021.

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/01/27/une-centaine-de-djihadistes-tues-lors-d-une-operation-militaire-franco-malienne_6067742_3212.html">"Une centaine de djihadistes tués lors d'une opération militaire franco-malienne"</a>. <a href="Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite>

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